In this kind of opposition, chances for dialogue about complicated issues, chances for Ronni to promote change through communication of her perspective, and to use the experience of the school personnel for her own learning and growth were limited. Openness to questions about the constitution of practice iscritical practice. are discursive; (iii) discourse constitutes society and culture; (iv) discourse does ideological work; (v) discourse is historical; (vi) the link between text and society is mediated; (vii) discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory; (viii) discourse is a form of social action (cf. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. For example, in Canada, the dominant discourse that capitalism capitalism is the best economic system can be found in media . Michel Foucault. ), Reading Foucault for social work (pp. They also positioned Ronni in relations of opposition to school personnel. Scott, J. Flax, J. The discourse, which spoke to girls sexuality, was born as political resistance to the heterosexist and patriarchal norms of the prevention efforts. Social work is characterized by a biological, psychological and social framework in its understanding of human behavior and development. They are criminal objects in need of control. Maxinestamp358@hotmail.com. Despite the impacts of contemporary discourses, social work across the . We decry racism and declare our allegiance to anti-oppressive practice while working in primarily white agencies. (2000). Helping people learn what they do: Breaking dependence on experts. In order to achieve a critical social work practice a practice capable of grasping towards an ethics of practice - we needed to raise questions about the construction of experience in the classs case studies. When we hear words like this, concepts charged full of meaning, we deduce things about the people involved--that they are lawless, crazed, dangerous, and violent. This intellectual interest can be found in the ways we re-experience value commitments through openness to the question at the heart of critical social work: What does social work have to do with justice? The dominant discourses in our society powerfully influence what gets "storied" and how it gets storied. As such, discourse, power, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to create hierarchies. Pregnant with possibility: Reducing ethical trespasses in social work practice with young single mothers. Indeed, more how tos could only add to their apology stance. Class, race, culture, history are excluded as the focus on the dyad is retained as an explanation for family breakdown. In discussions of immigration reform, the most frequently spoken word was illegal, followed by immigrants, country, border, illegals, and citizens.. In this case, the dominant discourse on immigration that comes out of institutions like law enforcement and the legal system is given legitimacy and superiority by their roots in the state. While reflective practice held promise for liberating professions from misconceptions about the interrelationship between theory and practice, following Schons (1987) introduction of reflective practice, theorists began to identify the problem of incorporating critical analysis into reflective practice ((Brookfield, 1996; Fook, 1999; Mezirow, 1998). Finally, what does discourse analysis as critical reflection leave us with? Ronnis analysis moved beyond opposition through a new discourse of health-oriented openness to girls sexuality in which protection is configured as part of healthy sexuality. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations. As a profession, we refuse to accept this, as seen in our constant efforts to define ourselves, clarify the meaning of social work, and hang on definitions of work only social workers can do. Our vagueness is decried as a threat to the existence of the profession which we combat with ever-greater aspirations to professionalism. At no time did Ronni focus on getting her to stop.. New York: Routledge. Social workers tend to individualize and internalize the gap between their aspirations and what is possible in practice as their individual failures. ), Transforming social work practice: Postmodern critical perspectives. It has proved difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice with a vision of social work as social justice work. She had two teen-aged daughters who had been left in the country of origin as very young children while Ms. M established herself in Canada. Work in social psychology has shown that the stereotype of blacks as violent and criminal is alive and well in American society (Eberhardt, Goff, Purdie, & Critical Social Work, 2(1). Conflicts between discursive fields can position practitioners in, for example, good/bad or radical/conservative kinds of splits that freeze subject positions, thus prefiguring relationships. Its evident that discourse is the compilation of particular ideologies and beliefs concerning a certain bracket in the society. Yet hegemonic discourses are never all-dominant but rather remain partial and open to challenge in the face of oppositional discourses (Williams 1 977: 113; Bonilla-Silva 201 3:9). My students came to class as failed heroes. I will outline how critical reflection based on discourse analysis may generate useful perspectives for practitioners who struggle to make sense of the gap between critical aspirations and practice realities, and who often mediate that gap as a sense of personal failure. A 13-yr old girl, Tara, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling. I would like to turn to two case studies which illustrate how discourse analysis was used by students. Maxine was devastated at her inability to put the relationship between mother and daughter to rights. Such interventions are aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality. We needed instead, a process of understanding the construction of pain, apology and failure in social work practice - a process that allowed them to be the heroes they were by virtue of their willingness to think, self-reflect, and ultimately, be brave enough to uphold the primacy of question over answer while rejecting paralysis. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers gain a necessary distance from the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. London: Sage. Discourse, as a social construct, is created and perpetuated . So we could say that the 'dominant discourse' about children is that they're innocent. This vantage point enabled students to move from the need to find answers and techniques to the radical acceptance of practice as the unending responsibility for ethical relationships which are always/already jeopardized by larger social relations. Second, the current dominant discourse in schools (how people talk about, think about and plan the work of schools and the questions that get asked regarding reform or change) is a hegemonic cultural discourse. I had to admit that I saw both discourse from my subject position as a mother, and had to rather sheepishly admit that I wouldnt have wanted my thirteen year old daughter to be having sex at that age. This paper explores dominant discourses underpinning the social worker visit to children and families and their impact on their purpose, content and focus. How do some discourses oppose or resist power? Menstrual management is recognized as a critical issue for young people internationally. asserts that discourses, in Fou- cault's work, are ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations. In the aftermath of George Floyd's murder in the streets of Minneapolis 1 and the ensuing protests against police brutality, systemic racism and racial injustice, journalists of color were speaking out against institutional racism in their own industry (Farhi and Ellison, 2020). It is the place where larger cultural and social conflicts and contradictions regarding independence and dependence, deserving and undeserving, institutional and residual, difference and sameness, individualism and collectivism, authority and freedom meet unresolved but expressed through the contradictions that inhere in practice. the dominant discourse. ), Feminists Theorize the Political (pp. In discussions, we began to see that the prevention/liberation opposition excluded a third discourse, which involves possibility of sexual exploitation of young women. Sociologists see discourse as embedded in and emerging out of relations of power because those in control of institutionslike media, politics, law, medicine, and educationcontrol its formation. The sense of the multiple stories at play helped relocate the notion of experience as brute reality carrying authority by virtue of being real to a notion of experience as constructed, contingent, and always interpreted. Given the mandate of working with marginalized people, this particular nexus is a place of crushing ambivalence. Even in the face of power differentials, they challenged dominant discourses directly and indirectly and advocated for various forms of help for the people with whom they worked. Understanding our constructed place in social work depends on identifying how language creates templates of shared understandings. Marston, G. (2004), Social Policy and Discourse Analysis: Policy Change in Public Housing, Aldershot: Ashgate. These were oppositional discourses. New York: Columbia University Press. These alternative viewpoints are important because discourses are structured through power relations so that the identification of what is outside prevailing stories may give us a better picture of how power operates. The summer of 2020 was a season of racial reckoning for journalism in the United States. Dominant discourses can be found in propaganda, cultural messages, and mass media. He wrote and lectured on the interactions between discourse analysis and social relationships in social work. Mainstream media typically adopt the dominant state-sanctioned discourse and showcases it by giving airtime and print space to authority figures from those institutions. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, Vol. A dominant discourse of race often positions whiteness as . A conventional course on advanced practice should explicate practice theories, perhaps compare and critically analyze them and then devise methods for their application in practice. (Gee 8). Educators from oneTILT define social identity as having these three characteristics: Exists (or is consistently used) to bestow power, benefits, or disadvantage. In the book of abstracts, our abstract was 115 of 119. The power of discourse lies in its ability to provide legitimacy for certain kinds of knowledge while undermining others; and, in its ability to create subject positions, and, to turn people into objects that that can be controlled. Maxines client, for example, comes to Canada seeking greater opportunity: opportunity that originated over two hundred years ago when my ancestors on the coast of Rhode Island traded with the Caribbean for goods produced by slave labour thus giving birth to the very American capitalism that created the need for Maxines and Ms. Ms migration in search of opportunity. Ronni understood those discourses as aimed at regulating teen sexuality of girls with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality. Maxine was routinely assigned cases involving immigrant people of colour because she herself is an immigrant woman of colour. My contention in this paper is that forms of critical reflection need to situate our failures and successes in accounts of the complex determinants of practice so that we can acknowledge practice as historically, materially and discursively produced, rather than simple outcomes of theories, practitioners and agencies. . From this position, responsibility for the problems were located in the mother, who, in attachment terms, did not properly manage the separation and reunification issues. The failures of this fantasy cause us to suffer, to apologize, to despair. When we look outside the boundaries of discourses, we may discover practice questions which help us reflect on power and possibility. We began to think about the history of forced separation and forced disruption of families beginning with the importation of African slaves to the Caribbean. Ronni aligned herself politically with resistance to heterosexism and patriarchy. 16, Issue. She engaged in low level self-mutilation and in sexual activity. It was clear to me that the emotions described in these cases could only be exacerbated by introducing newer and improved practice theories, as if the proper application of such theories could have achieved different outcomes, thus alleviating individual failure. When we reflect on what is left out of the discursive construction of our practice, we are stepping back from our immersion in such discourses as reality in order to examine whether our practice is being shaped in ways that contradict or constrain our commitments to social justice. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599. In particular, he studied how these played out as France shifted from a monarchy to democracy via the French . I suggest that we gain new vantage points from which to reconstruct practice theory in ways that are more consciously oriented to our social justice commitments. Carolyn Taylor and Susan White make a distinction between reflection and reflexivity where the latter adds a critical dimension by calling taken-for-granted assumptions into questions (Taylor & White, 2000). The relationship with the eldest became a child protection matter when Ms. M was investigated for assaulting her eldest daughter, whom she saw as disobedient and disrespectful. Foucault believed that discourse is created by those in power for specific reasons and is often used as a form of social control. Were asked to help but not make people dependent. Critical case study: My experience with Tara .Unpublished manuscript, Toronto. 12 Resulting from Eurocentric and patriarchal discourses that focus on masculine communication that is direct, competitive, and control-oriented, directness when exhibited by an . Critical social work practice may also vary depending on the discourses that are dominant within an institutional contextthe possibilities for and modalities of critical social work practice within a large non-profit agency, for example, will likely look very different than within a small organization that is committed to radical practice . ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070. Contested territory: Sexualities and social work. 1 Discourse is, thus, a way of organising knowledge that . The only problematic area for all the social workers was their difficulty in naming the skills and knowledge used in their practice. Assessing the impact and implications for social workers of an innovative children's services programme aimed to support workforce reform and integrated working. A discourse is a system of words, actions, rules, and beliefs that share common values. 2) Such recognition allows us to examine practice for the ways that history reproduces itself in our daily actions and reactions. Abstract. People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . The second case study (Gorman, 2004) takes place during a practicum in a school setting. New Discourses Commentary. Historical trauma repeats itself in the small micro interactions of practice. This is noted as an area for development. Despite Maxines best efforts, this troubled relationship ended in separation when the daughter moved in permanently with a relative. This paper concerns the relation between critical reflective practice and social workers lived experience of the complicated and contradictory world of practice. Critical social work helps people to understand the dominant ideology discourse and relocate subjectively in to that discourse. In other words, from a poststructural point of view, discourses are the sets of language practices that shape our thoughts, actions and even our identities," as quoted from Karen Healy, 2014, p. 3. ThoughtCo. This assignment will discuss the case study given whilst firstly looking at the issues of power as well as the risk discourse and how this can be dominant within social work practice. Thus, Maxine is positioned to assess and discipline Ms. M. She cannot find room for the very insider knowledge she is supposed to have. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070. In turn, such assessments act against the internalization of the contradictions played out in social work practice. Critical reflectivity in education and practice. A Perspective on Critical Social Work. When they enter the world of practice, they are thrown into sites constructed by contradictions and ambivalences where their subjectivities as practitioners embody these contradictions, yet they still expect to enact their ideals. ), Working with Experience. (1996). 445-463). American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 150-161. This is why it is critical reflection. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 7(2), 23-41. Revolutions in how mental health problems are conceptualised have had a substantial impact on the work of mental health nurses. We can raise questions about practices that may be outside such reproduction. These theories contain values that are supposed to dovetail with practice. These elements helped students writing cases from memories saturated with unease about their own performance to shift from what I did to how the case was constructed, and how their feelings arose from the complicated constructions of their practice within particular locations and time. Maxine pointed out, for example, that Caribbean women were previously allowed to immigrate to Canada to take up positions as domestic servants but were expressly forbidden to bring their children. Thus, I have found myself on the terrain of a kind of critical ethics that views practice theories as stories about the cultural ideals of practice, and that treats practitioners experiences as stories that can teach us about the conduct of practice in relation to such ideals. The words that dominated a 2011 Republican presidential debate hosted by Fox News. Here, I want to gather strands of the previous discussion. With trepidation, I began the class by asking students to submit a case study from their practice experience that they would like to study collectively using a form of discourse analysis. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. "Introduction to Discourse in Sociology." A discourse analyst is then less interested in assessing the truth or falsity of the social reality as shaped by a particular discourse, than in the ways that people use language to construct their accounts of their social world. Ronni came to see that this discursive position cancelled out the possibility of calling on school personnel as resources for Tara - resources that had the potential to protect her as a young girl with particular vulnerabilities. Further to this a task centred approach will be explained and how it could be used when approaching this case study. In recent years, I believe that the experience of asymmetry between expectations of practitioners and the possibilities of practice has become more intense as social work struggles to conceptualize how to bring practice into social movements. Discourse transmits and produces power; it undermines and . In narrative therapy, there is an emphasis on the stories that you develop and carry with you through your life. These wordsreflect and reproduce very particular values, ideas, and beliefs about immigrants and U.S. citizensideas about rights, resources, and belonging. One of the advantages of identifying discourses-in-use in practice is that we gain access to how we are positioned within discourses. Rossiter, A. Discourse is understood as a way of perceiving, framing, and viewing the world. Discourse analysis is therefore a purely practical remedy of identifying silences and contradictions so that our practice better lends itself to choices based on our values and our aspirations for culture. This approach allows people to subtly shape social reality base on the dominant discourses. And into this breach enter social workers with our desire to make a difference, and our theories on how to do that. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Corporation. But how do we scrutinize knowledge claims? In contrast, when a concept like uprising is used in the contexts of Ferguson or Baltimore, or "survival" in the context of New Orleans,we deduce very different things about those involved and are more likely to see them as human subjects, rather than dangerous objects. Attachment theories are common explanations of the parent/child conflict in some immigrant families experiences of separation and reunification during patterns of immigration. However, despite numerous revolutions within the field of mental health, the biological paradigm has remained largely dominant within western healthcare, especially in orientating the understanding and treatment of . I guess the point of this rant is that we need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse . Rossiter, A. Gadamer, H.-G. (1992). When we fail, we describe the result as burnout. A Sociological Definition. In Critical Social Justice, dominance is the yang to oppression's yin. When you conduct discourse analysis, you might focus on: The purposes and effects of different types of language. The professional is political: An interpretation of the problem of the past in solution-focused therapy. We dont know how to know social work as a constructed place, and ourselves as constructed subjectivities within that political space (Rossiter, 2000). She remembered the case with a sense of failure, and her recounting of the case was marked by a kind of unexplained sorrow. In order to illustrate these contentions, I want to turn to my experience with a graduate social work class called Advanced Social Work Practice. We draw on theories within social gerontology whilst also . In such a way, Ronni undoes the opposition between risk and liberation, and also revises her relationship to school personnel from that of shielding youth like Tara from harm, to calling on them to reconstruct the discourses through which girls sexuality is understood, and viewing them as potential resources in protecting Tara. While not eschewing the need to take positions in other words, without advocating relativism students could look at ways of thinking, at alternative perspectives that were outside the terms of the oppositions. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers live with the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. ), Feminists theorize the political (pp. Gorman, R. (2004). We frequently found that dependencies within competing discourses were obscured by oppositions. In other words we challenged the god trick of an all-encompassing, unlocated perspective, in Donna Haraways terms (Haraway, 1988, p. 581). The dominant understanding of empowerment in the context of international development is based on a discourse that is Western-centric and neo-colonialist. Maxine considered how she was positioned both by discourses of professionalism and by the attachment discourses used to explain Ms. M. As a professional with statutory power, Maxine was given Caribbean family cases due to her insider status. Teaching this class was a daunting prospect. Ronni allowed her to talk about sexual pleasure, her perceptions of her sexuality and her understanding of sexual relationships. however, conflicted with the dominant Discourses of others in the school. Indeed, many . Narrative therapy is a style of therapy that helps people becomeand embrace beingan expert in their own lives. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Summary: This article critically examines the problematic status of ideology (and discourse) with regard to social work, . This paper is based on the results of an Australian survey of 5007 young women aged 13-25, which examined their experiences of menstruation and dysmenorrhea. We acknowledge a knowledge-based economy while making tuition unaffordable. Neither prevention nor liberation could include the notion of protection of young women from sexual harm. Throughout our analyses, we worked to understand what views discourses permitted or inhibited. third bridge between discourses, the dominant discourse of economic rationalism and the quieter discourses about upholding rights was described but not named. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. I will outline how critical reflection based on discourse analysis may generate useful perspectives for practitioners who struggle to make sense of the gap between critical aspirations and practice realities. Following her immigration, she lived only for a short time with her mother, from whom she had been separated for most of her childhood. The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). If ideology is a worldview, discourse is how we organize and express that worldview in thought and language. In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. 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