By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Introduction. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). However, the date of retrieval is often important. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. . Charles had firmly consolidated Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. John of Austria Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. He made similar alliances with Portugal. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? They knew that kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. 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