By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay a 1 billion Reichsmark atonement tax and rapidly enacted many anti-Jewish laws and edicts. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. Why is the light so bright in the room". The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Brick-throwing mobs. As retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. (ed. KRISTALLNACHT: THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS 1. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. The rioters destroyed hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Some Jewish women were sent to local jails. The secret military police in Nazi Germany. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Germany and Austria. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. Life would never be the same. But that was a mere pretext, and a lie; the government-organized pogrom had been carefully planned well in advance. Lucas, Eric. Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. Eugene Davidson. [60], In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. Die Hackeschen Hfe. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". E ighty years ago, on the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass synagogues were set on fire, store windows were smashed and Jewish homes broken into in . As a result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. Also known as brown shirts. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. The translation of _____ means to let (people) do (what they want)., A. laissez-faire He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg. Over 1,000 synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The attackers were often neighbours. Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. 11 terms. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. Click the card to flip . [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. Label boxes with PI name and room number. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. [31], Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. In its aftermath, German officials announced that Kristallnacht had erupted as a spontaneous outburst of public sentiment in response to the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. The German authorities looked on without intervening. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "[16], Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. Berlin: Argon. A more obscured reason was the anti-Semitic views held by various officials in the U.S. State Department. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. This nationwide riot became known as Kristallnacht or the "Night of Broken Glass." The name "Kristallnacht" is a reference to the shattered glass from store windows that littered the streets during and after the riot. They were forced to pay Judenvermgensabgabe, a collective fine or "atonement contribution" of one billion Reichsmarks for the murder of vom Rath (equivalent to 4 billion 2021 or 7billion in 2020 USD), which was levied by the compulsory acquisition of 20% of all Jewish property by the state. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the Los Angeles Examiner on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies.. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). During the Holocaust, the Night of the Broken Glass occurred; A night of terror for many Jewish people changing the lives of them all. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . 1 / 15. kristalnacht. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and murdered close to 100 Jews. [48] Gring met with other members of the Nazi leadership on 12 November to plan the next steps after the riot, setting the stage for formal government action. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. BERLIN (AP) Germans across the country on Saturday commemorated the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht the night of broken glass during . Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Through a series of interconnected stories, within which the same characters move in and out, the author weaves a tapestry of. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. Kristallnacht marked a turning point toward more violent and repressive treatment of Jews by the Nazis. [22] Mommsen stated: The need for money by the party organization stemmed from the fact that Franz Xaver Schwarz, the party treasurer, kept the local and regional organizations of the party short of money. Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. Kristallnacht marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrombroken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. Auf Nach Palstina!'" Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers Party, the group promoted German pride and read more, In the waning days of World War II (1939-45), Raoul Wallenberg (1912- c. 1947), a Swedish businessman-turned-diplomat based in Budapest, was responsible for the rescue of thousandssome estimates are as high as 100,000of Hungarian Jews from extermination by the Nazis. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. In the weeks that followed, the German government promulgated dozens of laws and decrees designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of livelihood. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. . KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. I Know A Place 6. The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions. [77] On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. Other Quizlet sets. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. D. philosophe. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272. PBS: American Experience.Kristallnacht: 1938. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. [11] Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.[12]. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. Heinrich Himmler wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomaniaand stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. The collusion of the German and French governments is brought out during the testimony. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day Observances Showing: While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. Schutzstaffel also kown as black shirts. Gring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had done in two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. View the list of all donors. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. Broken glass. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. Shards of glass littered the streets. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the migrs left behind. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. The night of broken glass. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! But one night in Berlin, the Nazis changed everything. Identify the original Greek. I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] (listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] (listen)),[1][2] was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 910 November 1938. ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. "Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media.". McCullough, Colin, and Nathan Wilson, eds. The Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). Eventually, under Hitlers read more, Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogenous geographic area. On the night of November 9, 1938, rampaging mobs attacked . The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. [96], "Crystal Night" redirects here. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. Kristallnacht, (German: "Crystal Night") , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. After Kristallnacht, the streets and sidewalks of Jewish communities were littered with broken glass from vandalized buildings, giving rise to the names Crystal Night or Night of Broken Glass. The Nazis held the German-Jewish community responsible for the damage and imposed a collective fine of $400 million (in 1938 rates), according to the U.S. [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. As with the broken window, war causes resources and capital to be . On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. Obscured reason was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews primarily... 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