The ground crew should have intercom communication with the personnel on the flight deck and both parties should be able to listen to communications with ATC. Safer Skies Through Education - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov 8312. Like any maneuver, taxiing requires planning and judgment. instructions are being issued. In addition to the aforementioned items for vehicle operators, the tug operator must: know the size of the aircraft in tow inclusive of the wingspan, be conversant with the normal taxi routes from one airfield location to another, understand the stopping distances required for a tug with an aircraft in tow, comply with all clearances, especially runway crossing clearances, use wing and tail walkers when manoeuvring in congested areas. On 4 June 2002, the crew of an MD82 in the cruise at FL330 with AP and A/T engaged failed to notice progressive loss of airspeed and concurrent increase in pitch attitude as both engines rolled back to thrust levels which could not sustain level flight. Develop training for commercial drivers who are permitted access. 0000002565 00000 n Moves the aircraft left or right. On 21 August 2006, a Boeing 737-500 suffered a nose landing gear collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International Airport. 0000057526 00000 n hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK report revealed: Here are a few suggestions that can Avgas contaminated by jet fuel must not be used in piston engines - the engine may be damaged or destroyed. Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as engine run up or taxiing The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. Some applicants obtain ATIS information, then perform pre-taxi checklist items while ATIS repeats information already received. salute from the ground crew. 4. decrease the threat of runway transgressions? 0000248141 00000 n can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: Any pilot knows the danger of a midair Why Is Area Forecast Discussion Important for Preflight Planning? C-25 feet. Or can it? Develop a tiered identification badging system to easily recognize a vehicle operators permitted driving area privileges. It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. Although the act of taxiing an aircraft to and from an active runway may seem a little routine, ensuring that it is done safely requires planning, coordination, and attention. In the absence from the flight deck of a pilot qualified on the aircraft type, The person in charge of the ground vehicle carrying out the tow will usually be responsible for obtaining any necessary ATC aircraft movement clearances. This ensures adequate lubrication on initial startup. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control Limited Visibility. Two 'types' of collision with potentially high risk outcomes exist: Ground Crews must be specifically made aware of both these risks and must be fully trained on both ATC practices and the towing of the particular aircraft type involved. c. preventing cell wall synthesis Also esure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airp;anes, and have a fire guard nearby. 0000247519 00000 n Save lives, from the workplace to anyplace. The traditional method of allowing the ground vehicle to move an aircraft is to attach it to the aircraft nose landing gear by means of a towbar. Washington, DC 20591 Several These "failure to comply" occurrences most usually involve vehicles: In all cases, these actions have the potential to put the vehicle in conflict with an aircraft which, in turn, could: Most of the remaining occurrences are related to one of the following: Most taxiway accidents and incidents are preventable. 280 0 obj <>stream One ASRS include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular This signal is one of 11 displayed in the Flight Training Handbook section on taxiing. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Complex Data. FAAs updated advisory circular includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. This article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the airport manoeuvring areas inclusive of taxiways and ramp areas. situational awareness. would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during 4. 0000002158 00000 n Michigan launches worker mental health hub, Biden taps Deputy Labor Secretary Julie Su to lead DOL, EPA aims to reinstall worker protections from pesticides, Construction safety: Prevent falls through skylights and other openings, FACE Report: Machine operator fatally struck by safety block ejected from mechanical power press, FACE Report: Site superintendent run over by backing dump truck, Selecting safe vehicles for your employees, Eye protection options for prescription lenses, Creating an ergonomic safety knife program, The aging workforces effect on electrical safety, Big Ambitions. "After deicing [was] started and the [deicing] The word "OIL" and the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grades and/or types. No doubt these problems could be minimized if crews We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. Always stay on the _____! But demonstration alone can veil vital points. An increased chance of engine damage due to detonation, loss of engine power, and an increased probability of overheating. Set up a progressive penalty policy for violators. Advertisement. They should: provide the appropriate clearance for the requested action, ensure that the clearance readback is accurate, to the extent possible, monitor the movement visually, via transponder or by use of. The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR 23.1157. The issue of direction might generate examiner questions about the airplane's nosewheel steering system. FAA figures reveal that the percentage of pilot-caused runway transgressions Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals? Two Safety Recommendations were made. a runway transgression occurred because the Captain did not hear the clearance Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. to resolve complex problems it may be necessary to go back to basics. critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation f) Procedures for refueling and/or defueling aircraft Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. 0000010966 00000 n Taxiing lends itself to demonstration, so not all examiners discuss it in detail during the oral portion of the checkride. Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated By: AAS-300 AC No: 150/5210-20A . on the side window frames. Reports a Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" Whilst all events do not result in collision with an aircraft, the majority of taxiway occurrences involve vehicle operators deviating from a surface movement controller clearance. Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . as: Another air carrier pilot reported pilots should not turn onto another runway without authorization from the tower. What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft? not be present. High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. [This led] to the assumption by the Captain that deicing had been completed." 0000248526 00000 n The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. And as Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. Safety+Health magazine, published by the National Safety Council, offers comprehensive national coverage of occupational safety news and analysis of industry trends to more than 91,000 subscribers. To illustrate this difficulty, calculate the number of liters of water that must be expended to absorb the energy released by burning 1.00 L of crude oil, if the water has its temperature raised from 20.0C20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}20.0C to 100C,100^{\circ} \mathrm{C},100C, it boils, and the resulting steam is raised to 300C.300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}.300C. ASRS reports also indicate that problems The responsibilities of a ground crew team carrying out an aircraft tow include ensuring that no part of the aircraft structure will impact any fixed object, vehicle, or other aircraft. You violate this element by operating flaps after rollout from a normal landing under normal conditions. The controversy over restricting the use of aircraft deicing fluid at airport gates started with EPA's proposal to exempt the associated wastewater from new collection and treatment requirements by limiting deicing for safe taxiing to the use of a maximum of 25 gal (95 L) of fluid. Study the diagram ahead of time and get a feel for where you may be landing and what frequencies you may end up using. The PTS uses the term "appropriate" checklist, so if your airplane's operator mandates a given checklist, your examiner should observe you using that checklist. Inadvertent or otherwise inappropriate brake application during towing by personnel riding the brakes, ICAO Doc 4444 PANS-ATM Chapter 12.3.4.5 in respect of RTF phraseology. EHS pros: Do you feel your professional skills are more respected than they were before the COVID-19 pandemic? Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. 0000151481 00000 n 0000152831 00000 n This version represents a major rewrite. On 26 June 2007, at Birmingham Airport UK, a BAe Jetstream 41 started an engine running pushback without using intercom between ground crew and flight crew. Electronic airport diagrams that depict your location can be a great help in these cases. 0000041909 00000 n Application of left rudder pedal will cause the aircraft to turn left. Aircraft structural On 13 January 2016 ice was found on the upper and lower wing surfaces of a Boeing 777-300ER about to depart in the late morning from Lisbon in CAVOK conditions and 10C. AC 91-73, Part 91 and Part 135, Single-Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations; AC 120-57, Surface Movement Guidance and Control System; . (2) with main or nose gear having two flat tires on one axle. The reporter explains that Also, ensure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airplanes, and have a fire guard nearby. Let's review some of the things which Let's say that, during oral questioning, your examiner stands, holds his hands to his sides, palms down, and asks you what this signal means as he pumps his flattened hands up and down. 800 Independence Avenue, SW impact damage to another, usually stationary and unoccupied, aircraft caused by undetected relatively minor impact which is then not detected prior to either damaged aircraft departing on a flight. A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck has increased since 1988. The prescribed RTF phraseology for obtaining clearance to tow is contained in ICAO PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and ICAO Manual of Radiotelephony (Doc 9432). Organisational hazards. Following a runway transgression one ASRS reporter offered: Because of the lack of these markings A New Pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, Flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK Airport. What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? Continued use may reduce efficiency due to lead deposits on the turbine blades. Which of the following modes of action would be most selectively toxic? hbbd```b``" R} Unless the manoeuvre is taking place outside the movement area controlled by ATC, an RTF clearance to carry it out will be required. Become throughly trained. taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. every one of them. that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a 0000005441 00000 n Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. 0000152122 00000 n Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. Can checklists be rewritten 0000250238 00000 n This positions two low level arms either side of the aircraft nose landing gear and these are used to engage with the aircraft gear leg and raise it slightly off the ground. clearance is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short The Investigation concluded that although the shear pin failure was not attributable to any particular cause, the relative severity of the outcome was probably increased by the wet surface, a forward slope on the ramp and fact that an engine start was in progress. The standard position for a signalman is slightly ahead of and in line with the aircrafts left wingtip. Damaged or loose wiring connections. 0000247884 00000 n The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. 0000152886 00000 n Checkride nervousness can begin to dissipate when you start to taxi. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), MD82, en route, west of Wichita KA USA, 2002, AC 150/5210-20A: Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports. As part of out of service repositioning of aircraft supervised by maintenance personnel, it may follow thePushbackfrom a nose-in gate of an empty aircraft with engines off. Foreign objects. This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. Later another aircraft, positioned behind the A321, confirmed the rudder damage. 0000000016 00000 n to a runway transgression. a. towing of the aircraft by nose gear can not be performed in the following conditions: (1) with aircraft off the runway, in soft sand or mud. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. Paraphrasing FAR 121.542: "No certificate holder In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. It's one of the first skills pilots learn, and we use it every time we fly. From what height above the ground did it fall? Be careful with assumptions. Failure to keep towed aircraft on the taxiway centreline or other taxi guidance line. 0000194171 00000 n What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? On 23 March 2004, an out of service British Airways Boeing 747-400, under tow passed behind a stationary Airbus A321-200 being operated by Irish Airline Aer Lingus on a departing scheduled passenger service in good daylight visibility and the wing tip of the 747 impacted and seriously damaged the rudder of the A321. vpfTQ'\wr)Ke3@;Cr%H#SJcvDDg+j]\zM5h.aK. for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer Federal Aviation Administration Surely this fundamental procedure can hide no checkride pitfalls. A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? Damaged or defective equipment is dangerous, often resulting in injuries to personnel or damage to equipment and aircraft, so all equipment used for towing aircraft should undergo regular maintenance and, crucially, it should be inspected at the beginning of each shift. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. 0000249683 00000 n This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. 0000152037 00000 n the usual cues such as holding lines for intersecting runways probably will Unpredictable schedules adversely affect worker well-being: report, Safety is King: NYC videos focus on fall protection, Deadline to submit OSHA Form 300A data is March 2, Study links physically demanding jobs to higher male fertility. Do you look all around your aircraft before you taxi, or do you focus only on the area immediately ahead of the aircraft? Use by a larger aircraft could compromise obstacle clearance, failure to follow taxi lane guidance - deviation from the lane guidance whilst manoeuvring in proximity to light stands, gates or stationary equipment can result in collision, jet blast -inappropriate thrust settings or following too closely can result in aircraft damage due to. The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Driving infractions should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate. Hq4XDAs`$RxqP4S*i3iL7V M@06H2h3g0r1>gf;7F+32d3. Towing collision risk is exacerbated by the conduct of such operations during the hours of darkness or in poor ground visibility and procedures should effectively address and/or constrain such operations. 3. Your examiner will expect you to be able to stop or turn where and when desired. 0000050029 00000 n The pushback could not be completed as the towbar could not be disconnected and confusion over a decision to return the aircraft to the gate resulted in an attempt to do so with the aircraft brakes selected which caused the aircraft nose landing gear to collapse. The aircraft should be headed downwind in order to eliminate or minimize wing lift. 15 to 20 knots. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. While a national effort is underway to reduce runway transgressions, An alternative method which is becoming more common for towing is the use of a specialised vehicle called a towbarless tug. Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. 0000250038 00000 n line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of 0000061214 00000 n Checklists vary among different make and model airplanes, and some schools supersede the pilot's operating handbook (POH) checklist with one that adds mission considerations, insurance carrier requirements, chief pilot decisions, and a host of issues to the POH list. Diamonds DA40 NG Just Might Be What the General Aviation Market Is Clamoring For. 0000042407 00000 n The term vehicle includes aircraft being taxied under their own power by a non-pilot, or being towed with no intention for flight. %%EOF 0000061388 00000 n 0000101385 00000 n On 16 February 2005, at Luton Airport, a Boeing B767-300 collided with the tug pulling it forward when the shear pin of the unserviceable tow bar being used to pull the aircraft broke. Only if approved by the FAA, usually by the issuance of a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). A343 / B752, London Heathrow UK, 1995 (On 23 November 1995, in normal daylight visibility, an Airbus A340-300 being operated by Gulf Air on a scheduled international passenger flight from London Heathrow taxied past a Boeing 757-200 being operated by British Airways on a scheduled domestic passenger flight and also departing from London Heathrow diagram should be located where it can be referenced without looking away from Next, whenever a "hold short" The RJ100 had been there for twelve minutes at the time of the collision. The aircraft ran onto the tug when the ground crew stopped the tug suddenly. Because runway surfaces The Investigation attributed the engine rollback to ice crystal icing obstructing the engine inlet pressure sensors following crew failure to use the engine anti-icing as prescribed. Which method you use is your call, and the most significant part of your decision is the outcome. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Therefore 0000152436 00000 n Similarly, after engine run-up, pilots sometimes tune the tower frequency before or while taxiing from the run-up area to the runway's hold-short line.